Safety culture in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: contributions from the multiprofessional team / Cultura de segurança do paciente em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal: contribuições da equipe multiprofissional

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the patient safety culture with the multidisciplinary team in a neonatal ICU at a Brazilian maternity. Methods: the safety culture was evaluated by the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC), with a sample of 117 professionals. The questions were divided into 12 domains, classifying them as areas of strength when the percentage was higher than 75% of positive responses. For inferential analysis, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests were used, considering significant p<0.05 values. Results: the domains 'organizational learning- continuous improvement' and 'teamwork' were considered as areas of strength in establishing security. Those who needed improvement were: 'non-punitive response to error' and 'staffing'. There was no significant relevance between the crossings of the numbers of positive responses with the professional data, thus showing that the factors did not interfere in the answers given. Conclusions: in view of the results presented, changes are suggested mainly in the aspects related to punitive culture and evaluation of possible reduction of work overload. However, we cannot fail to praise the positive aspects found, such as teamwork, the concern of professionals and managers to bring improvements to promote patient safety.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a cultura de segurança do paciente com a equipe multiprofissional em UTI neonatal de maternidade brasileira. Métodos: a cultura de segurança foi avaliada pelo instrumento Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC), com amostra de 117 profissionais. Os questionamentos foram divididos em 12 domínios, classificando-os como áreas de força quando o percentual foi maior do que 75% de respostas positivas. Para análise inferencial, utilizaram-se dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Qui-quadrado, considerando significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados: os domínios "aprendizado organizacional- melhora contínua" e "trabalho em equipe" foram considerados como áreas de força no estabelecimento da segurança. Os que necessitaram de aprimoramento foram: "não punição do erro" e "quadro de funcionários". Não se encontrou relevância significativa entre os cruzamentos dos números de respostas positivas com os dados profissionais, mostrando, desta forma, que os fatores não interferiram nas respostas dadas. Conclusões: diante dos resultados apresentados, sugere-se modificações principalmente nos aspectos relacionados à cultura punitiva e avaliação de possível diminuição da sobrecarga de trabalho. Entretanto, não se podem deixar de enaltecer os aspectos positivos encontrados, como o trabalho em equipe, a preocupação dos profissionais e gestores em trazer melhoras para promoção da segurança do paciente.

Do Brazilian hospital pharmacists record, document, archive and disseminate their clinical practice?

An exploratory study was conducted to present the approach of Brazilian hospital pharmacists to registering, documenting, archiving and disseminating clinical practice. The data were collected using an electronic questionnaire (n=348). In fact, 97.41% of pharmacists record their clinical practice, out of which 64.01% (n=217) do in electronic form, mainly in private hospitals (p<0.000), in the central, southern and southeastern regions (p=0.040), and by professionals with 1-5 years of experience (p=0.001). The main software used is non-specific to clinical practice: an electronic spreadsheet (47.93%; n=104) and text editor (13.37%; n=29). The archiving of records is performed by 87.61% (n=297) of professionals, where 80.13% (n=238) do so in physical form; however, 77.31% (n=184) of these files are kept for less than the standard recommended time. Documentation in medical records is carried out by 55.17% (n=192) of pharmacists, increasing among those with 1-5 years of clinical practice (p=0.001), and dissemination is performed by 74.71% (n=260) of hospital pharmacists, with a lower frequency in public hospitals (p=0.012) and among professionals with fewer hours dedicated exclusively to clinical pharmacy (p=0.012). These results can undergird the revision of competency-based training programs of Brazilian clinical pharmacists to remain pharmacists as a valuable health team member

Environmental variables and errors in the preparation and administration of medicines.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the relationship between environmental factors and errors in the preparation and administration of antibacterial. METHOD: an observational, cross-sectional study conducted between August and December, 2014 in two clinical units. The sample consisted of 265 doses of medication, observed in different shifts that through a form had the environmental conditions of noise, illumination, humidity, temperature and physical space measured in the preparation and administration stages. RESULTS: the physical dimension for the preparation was inadequate in one unit (3.8m2), and the items illumination, temperature and noise were extremely oscillating in the three shifts and in the two clinics, with averages generally higher than the recommended for the hospital environment, however, variations in illumination and noise were not statistically significant to cause dose errors or erroneous medicine choice (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: the environmental variables analyzed may favor medication errors in both the preparation and administration stages.

Environmental variables and errors in the preparation and administration of medicines / Variables ambientales y errores en la preparación y administración de medicamentos / Variáveis ambientais e erros no preparo e administração de medicamentos

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the relationship between environmental factors and errors in the preparation and administration of antibacterial. Method: an observational, cross-sectional study conducted between August and December, 2014 in two clinical units. The sample consisted of 265 doses of medication, observed in different shifts that through a form had the environmental conditions of noise, illumination, humidity, temperature and physical space measured in the preparation and administration stages. Results: the physical dimension for the preparation was inadequate in one unit (3.8m2), and the items illumination, temperature and noise were extremely oscillating in the three shifts and in the two clinics, with averages generally higher than the recommended for the hospital environment, however, variations in illumination and noise were not statistically significant to cause dose errors or erroneous medicine choice (p> 0.05). Conclusion: the environmental variables analyzed may favor medication errors in both the preparation and administration stages.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la relación entre los factores ambientales y los errores de preparación y administración de antibacterianos. Método: estudio observacional, transversal, realizado entre agosto y diciembre de 2014 en dos unidades clínicas. La muestra fue compuesta de 256 dosis de medicamentos, observadas en diferentes turnos, que por medio de un formulario tuvieron las condiciones ambientales de ruido, iluminación, humedad, temperatura y espacio físico medidos en las etapas de preparación y administración. Resultados: la dimensión física para la preparación fue inadecuada en una unidad (3,8m2), y los elementos iluminación, temperatura y ruido fueron extremadamente oscilantes en los tres turnos y en las dos clínicas, con medias generalmente por encima de lo recomendado para el ambiente hospitalario. Sin embargo, las variaciones de iluminación y ruido no fueron estadísticamente significativas para provocar errores de dosis o de elección errónea del medicamento (p>0,05). Conclusión: las variables ambientales analizadas pueden favorecer errores de medicación tanto en la etapa de preparación como en la de administración.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a relação entre os fatores ambientais e os erros de preparo e administração de antibacterianos. Método: estudo observacional, transversal, realizado entre agosto a dezembro de 2014 em duas unidades clínicas. A amostra foi composta de 265 doses de medicamentos, observadas em diferentes turnos, que por meio de um formulário tiveram as condições ambientais de ruído, iluminação, umidade, temperatura e espaço físico mensuradas nas etapas de preparo e administração. Resultados: a dimensão física para o preparo foi inadequada em uma unidade (3,8m2), e os itens iluminação, temperatura e ruído foram extremamente oscilantes nos três turnos e nas duas clínicas, com médias geralmente acima do recomendado para o ambiente hospitalar, porém, as variações de iluminação e ruído não foram estatisticamente significativas para provocar erros de dose ou de escolha errada do medicamento (p>0,05). Conclusão: as variáveis ambientais analisadas podem favorecer erros de medicação tanto na etapa de preparo quanto na administração.

Interações medicamentosas induzidas pelo aprazamento e os erros no preparo de antibacterianos / Drug interactions resulting from scheduling and errors in the preparation of antibacterials

Objetivo: identificar as interações medicamentosas induzidas pelo aprazamento e os erros no preparo de antibacterianos administrados. Métodos: estudo observacional e transversal, realizado em clínicas médicas de hospital da rede sentinela. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da observação das prescrições e do preparo de 265 doses de antibacterianos com a utilização de um check-list. Resultados: prevaleceu a administração da Piperaciclina e Tazobactan, com 51 doses. O aprazamento de horário dos antibacterianos com outro medicamento ocorreu prevalentemente no período matutino, destacando-se interações com anticoagulantes injetáveis e entre antimicrobianos de classes diferentes, e se associou com a não disponibilização no setor de orientações impressas acerca dos cuidados com a administração do medicamento (p=0,003). O principal erro encontrado foi o de dose (32,5%). Conclusão: o aprazamento de antibacterianos em setor de clínica médica pode potencializar possíveis interações medicamentosas e os erros de dose são identificados na administração dos medicamentos. (AU)

Knowledge, skills and attitudes of hospital pharmacists in the use of information technology and electronic tools to support clinical practice: A Brazilian survey.

This study aimed to identify the knowledge, skills and attitudes of Brazilian hospital pharmacists in the use of information technology and electronic tools to support clinical practice. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent by email to clinical pharmacists working public and private hospitals in Brazil. The instrument was validated using the method of Polit and Beck to determine the content validity index. Data (n = 348) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square test and Gamma correlation tests. RESULTS: Pharmacists had 1-4 electronic devices for personal use, mainly smartphones (84.8%; n = 295) and laptops (81.6%; n = 284). At work, pharmacists had access to a computer (89.4%; n = 311), mostly connected to the internet (83.9%; n = 292). They felt competent (very capable/capable) searching for a web page/web site on a specific subject (100%; n = 348), downloading files (99.7%; n = 347), using spreadsheets (90.2%; n = 314), searching using MeSH terms in PubMed (97.4%; n = 339) and general searching for articles in bibliographic databases (such as Medline/PubMed: 93.4%; n = 325). Pharmacists did not feel competent in using statistical analysis software (somewhat capable/incapable: 78.4%; n = 273). Most pharmacists reported that they had not received formal education to perform most of these actions except searching using MeSH terms. Access to bibliographic databases was available in Brazilian hospitals, however, most pharmacists (78.7%; n = 274) reported daily use of a non-specific search engine such as Google. This result may reflect the lack of formal knowledge and training in the use of bibliographic databases and difficulty with the English language. The need to expand knowledge about information search tools was recognized by most pharmacists in clinical practice in Brazil, especially those with less time dedicated exclusively to clinical activity (Chi-square, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: These results will assist in defining minimal competencies for the training of pharmacists in the field of information technology to support clinical practice. Knowledge and skill gaps are evident in the use of bibliographic databases, spreadsheets and statistical tools.

Pharmaceutical orientation at hospital discharge of transplant patients: strategy for patient safety.

OBJECTIVE:: To describe and analyze the pharmaceutical orientation given at hospital discharge of transplant patients. METHODS:: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study that used records of orientation given by the clinical pharmacist in the inpatients unit of the Kidney and Liver Transplant Department, at Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, in the city of Fortaleza (CE), Brazil, from January to July, 2014. The following variables recorded at the Clinical Pharmacy Database were analyzed according to their significance and clinical outcomes: pharmaceutical orientation at hospital discharge, drug-related problems and negative outcomes associated with medication, and pharmaceutical interventions performed. RESULTS:: The first post-transplant hospital discharge involved the entire multidisciplinary team and the pharmacist was responsible for orienting about drug therapy. The mean hospital discharges/month with pharmaceutical orientation during the study period was 10.6±1.3, totaling 74 orientations. The prescribed drug therapy had a mean of 9.1±2.7 medications per patient. Fifty-nine drug-related problems were identified, in which 67.8% were related to non-prescription of medication needed, resulting in 89.8% of risk of negative outcomes associated with medications due to untreated health problems. The request for inclusion of drugs (66.1%) was the main intervention, and 49.2% of the medications had some action in the digestive tract or metabolism. All interventions were classified as appropriate, and 86.4% of them we able to prevent negative outcomes. CONCLUSION:: Upon discharge of a transplanted patient, the orientation given by the clinical pharmacist together with the multidisciplinary team is important to avoid negative outcomes associated with drug therapy, assuring medication reconciliation and patient safety. OBJETIVO:: Descrever e analisar a orientação farmacêutica oferecida na alta de pacientes transplantados. METÓDOS:: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo, que utilizou os registros das orientações realizadas pelo farmacêutico clínico na unidade de internação do Serviço de Transplante Renal e Hepático, Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, em Fortaleza (CE), de janeiro a julho de 2014. Foram analisadas, de acordo com sua significância e desfechos clínicos obtidos, as seguintes variáveis registradas no Banco de Dados do Serviço de Farmácia Clínica: orientações farmacêuticas na alta, problemas e resultados negativos relacionados aos medicamentos, e intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas. RESULTADOS:: A primeira alta pós-transplante envolveu toda a equipe multiprofissional, sendo o farmacêutico responsável pela orientação do tratamento medicamentoso. A média de altas/mês com orientação farmacêutica no período do estudo foi de 10,6±1,3, totalizando 74 orientações. O tratamento clínico prescrito teve média de 9,1±2,7 medicamentos por paciente. Foram identificados 59 problemas relacionados aos medicamentos; 67,8% relacionaram-se com a não prescrição do medicamento necessário, acarretando 89,8% de risco de resultados negativos associados aos medicamentos por problema de saúde não tratado. A principal intervenção foi a solicitação de inclusão do medicamento (66,1%), e 49,2% dos medicamentos envolvidos agiam no aparelho digestivo/metabolismo. Todas as intervenções foram classificadas como apropriadas, e 86,4% foram capazes de prevenir o resultado negativo. CONCLUSÃO:: A orientação do farmacêutico clínico junto à equipe multiprofissional no momento da alta do paciente transplantado é importante, pois previne resultados negativos associados à farmacoterapia, garantindo a conciliação medicamentosa e a segurança do paciente.

Pharmaceutical orientation at hospital discharge of transplant patients: strategy for patient safety / Orientação farmacêutica na alta hospitalar de pacientes transplantados: estratégia para a segurança do paciente

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe and analyze the pharmaceutical orientation given at hospital discharge of transplant patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study that used records of orientation given by the clinical pharmacist in the inpatients unit of the Kidney and Liver Transplant Department, at Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, in the city of Fortaleza (CE), Brazil, from January to July, 2014. The following variables recorded at the Clinical Pharmacy Database were analyzed according to their significance and clinical outcomes: pharmaceutical orientation at hospital discharge, drug-related problems and negative outcomes associated with medication, and pharmaceutical interventions performed. Results: The first post-transplant hospital discharge involved the entire multidisciplinary team and the pharmacist was responsible for orienting about drug therapy. The mean hospital discharges/month with pharmaceutical orientation during the study period was 10.6±1.3, totaling 74 orientations. The prescribed drug therapy had a mean of 9.1±2.7 medications per patient. Fifty-nine drug-related problems were identified, in which 67.8% were related to non-prescription of medication needed, resulting in 89.8% of risk of negative outcomes associated with medications due to untreated health problems. The request for inclusion of drugs (66.1%) was the main intervention, and 49.2% of the medications had some action in the digestive tract or metabolism. All interventions were classified as appropriate, and 86.4% of them we able to prevent negative outcomes. Conclusion: Upon discharge of a transplanted patient, the orientation given by the clinical pharmacist together with the multidisciplinary team is important to avoid negative outcomes associated with drug therapy, assuring medication reconciliation and patient safety.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever e analisar a orientação farmacêutica oferecida na alta de pacientes transplantados. Metódos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo, que utilizou os registros das orientações realizadas pelo farmacêutico clínico na unidade de internação do Serviço de Transplante Renal e Hepático, Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, em Fortaleza (CE), de janeiro a julho de 2014. Foram analisadas, de acordo com sua significância e desfechos clínicos obtidos, as seguintes variáveis registradas no Banco de Dados do Serviço de Farmácia Clínica: orientações farmacêuticas na alta, problemas e resultados negativos relacionados aos medicamentos, e intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas. Resultados: A primeira alta pós-transplante envolveu toda a equipe multiprofissional, sendo o farmacêutico responsável pela orientação do tratamento medicamentoso. A média de altas/mês com orientação farmacêutica no período do estudo foi de 10,6±1,3, totalizando 74 orientações. O tratamento clínico prescrito teve média de 9,1±2,7 medicamentos por paciente. Foram identificados 59 problemas relacionados aos medicamentos; 67,8% relacionaram-se com a não prescrição do medicamento necessário, acarretando 89,8% de risco de resultados negativos associados aos medicamentos por problema de saúde não tratado. A principal intervenção foi a solicitação de inclusão do medicamento (66,1%), e 49,2% dos medicamentos envolvidos agiam no aparelho digestivo/metabolismo. Todas as intervenções foram classificadas como apropriadas, e 86,4% foram capazes de prevenir o resultado negativo. Conclusão: A orientação do farmacêutico clínico junto à equipe multiprofissional no momento da alta do paciente transplantado é importante, pois previne resultados negativos associados à farmacoterapia, garantindo a conciliação medicamentosa e a segurança do paciente.

Pharmacist recommendations in an intensive care unit: three-year clinical activities.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical activities performed and the accepted pharmacist recommendations made by a pharmacist as a part of his/her daily routine in an adult clinical intensive care unit over a period of three years. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital from June 2010 to May 2013, in which pharmacist recommendations were categorized and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 834 pharmacist recommendations (278 per year, on average) were analyzed and distributed across 21 categories. The recommendations were mainly made to physicians (n = 699; 83.8%) and concerned management of dilutions (n = 120; 14.4%), dose adjustment (n = 100; 12.0%), and adverse drug reactions (n = 91; 10.9%). A comparison per period demonstrated an increase in pharmacist recommendations with larger clinical content and a reduction of recommendations related to logistic aspects, such as drug supply, over time. The recommendations concerned 948 medications, particularly including systemic anti-infectious agents. CONCLUSION: The role that the pharmacist played in the intensive care unit of the institution where the study was performed evolved, shifting from reactive actions related to logistic aspects to effective clinical participation with the multi-professional staff (proactive actions).

Recomendações farmacêuticas em unidade de terapia intensiva: três anos de atividades clínicas / Pharmacist recommendations in an intensive care unit: three-year clinical activities

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar 3 anos de atividades clínicas e recomendações farmacêuticas aceitas durante a rotina diária do farmacêutico na unidade de terapia intensiva clínica adulta. Métodos: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, transversal, realizado no período de junho de 2010 a maio de 2013, em um hospital universitário, terciário, durante o qual foram categorizadas e analisadas as recomendações farmacêuticas. Resultados: Foram analisadas 834 recomendações farmacêuticas (média anual de 278), sendo estas classificadas em 21 categorias. As recomendações farmacêuticas foram dirigidas principalmente a médicos (n = 699; 83,8%), sendo as mais frequentes: manejo de diluição (n = 120; 14,4%), ajuste de dose (n = 100; 12,0%) e manejo de evento adverso a medicamento (n = 91; 10,9%). Comparando-se os períodos, verificou-se crescimento, ao longo dos anos, das recomendações farmacêuticas com maior componente clínico e diminuição daquelas referentes a aspectos logísticos, como a provisão de medicamentos. As recomendações envolveram 948 medicamentos, tendo destaque para os anti-infecciosos de uso sistêmico. Conclusão: A atuação do farmacêutico no cuidado intensivo evoluiu na instituição onde o estudo foi realizado, caminhando das ações reativas associadas à logística para a participação clínica efetiva junto à equipe multiprofissional (ações proativas). .

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical activities performed and the accepted pharmacist recommendations made by a pharmacist as a part of his/her daily routine in an adult clinical intensive care unit over a period of three years. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital from June 2010 to May 2013, in which pharmacist recommendations were categorized and analyzed. Results: A total of 834 pharmacist recommendations (278 per year, on average) were analyzed and distributed across 21 categories. The recommendations were mainly made to physicians (n = 699; 83.8%) and concerned management of dilutions (n = 120; 14.4%), dose adjustment (n = 100; 12.0%), and adverse drug reactions (n = 91; 10.9%). A comparison per period demonstrated an increase in pharmacist recommendations with larger clinical content and a reduction of recommendations related to logistic aspects, such as drug supply, over time. The recommendations concerned 948 medications, particularly including systemic anti-infectious agents. Conclusion: The role that the pharmacist played in the intensive care unit of the institution where the study was performed evolved, shifting from reactive actions related to logistic aspects to effective clinical participation with the multi-professional staff (proactive actions). .

Pharmaceutical care in transplant patients in a university hospital: pharmaceutical interventions

A descriptive and prospective study was conducted on the pharmaceutical care in the post-transplant outpatient clinic of Hospital Universitario Walter Cantidio of Universidade Federal do Ceará (HUWC/UFC), in Fortaleza- Ceará in the period of April to October of 2011. The aim of the present study was to describe the pharmaceutical interventions performed in a Pharmaceutical Care service structured in the liver and kidney transplant outpatient clinic of an academic hospital. The Pharmaceutical interventions (PI) were classified according to Sabater et al.(2005), with significance based on Riba et al.(2000) and the Negative Outcomes associated with Medication (NOM) established at the Third Consensus of Granada. Statistical analyses were performed using the Epi Info v.3.5.1 program and hypothesis tests were done with the SigmaPlot v.10.0 program. A chi-squared (X²) test was utilized for statistical analysis of the sample. A total of 97 patients were followed, where 54 problems related to medications were identified and 139 PI performed. The main PI were in education of the patient about treatment (n=111; 80%) (p<0.05), while the significance of all interventions were appropriate, where 83.4% (n=116) of PI performed in the study period were shown to be "significant" (p<0.05). Through pharmaceutical care, the pharmacist is capable of monitoring the pharmacotherapeutic treatment and intervening when necessary, while being part of the multiprofessional team caring for the transplant patient.

Trata-se de um estudo de descritivo e prospectivo, realizado durante o atendimento farmacêutico nos ambulatórios de pós-transplante do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio da Universidade Federal do Ceará (HUWC/UFC), em Fortaleza-Ceará no período de abril a outubro de 2011. O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar as intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas em um serviço de Atenção Farmacêutica (ATENFAR) estruturado nos ambulatórios do transplante hepático e renal de um Hospital Universitário. As intervenções farmacêuticas (IF) foram classificadas de acordo com Sabater et al.(2005), a significância baseadas em Riba et al.(2000) e os Resultados Negativos associados a Medicamentos (RNM) fundamentados no Terceiro Consenso de Granada. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa Epi Info v.3.5.1 e os testes de hipótese foram feitos no programa SigmaPlot v.10.0. O teste estatístico utilizado para análise da amostra foi o qui-quadrado (X²). Foram acompanhados 97 pacientes, identificados 54 problemas relacionados aos medicamentos e realizadas 139 intervenções farmacêuticas. As principais IF realizadas foram na educação do paciente sobre o tratamento (n=111; 80%) (p<0,05), já enquanto a significância todas as intervenções foram apropriadas, sendo que 83,4% (n=116) das IF realizadas no período do estudo mostram ser "significantes" (p<0,05). O farmacêutico, através do exercício da ATENFAR, é capaz de monitorar o tratamento farmacoterapêutico e intervir, quando necessário, integrando-se a equipe multiprofissional no cuidado ao paciente transplantado.

[Analysis of similar drug labeling: potential medication errors]. / Análise da rotulagem de medicamentos semelhantes: potenciais erros de medicação.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine drug packaging and labeling, identifying similarities among them that may lead to medication errors, which may occur by unintentional substitution, in different sectors of the pharmacy of a university hospital in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study, which included 300 pharmaceutical presentations (150 pairs) that were photographed from May to December 2010. Concordance analysis of data related to the pictures of possibly similar packaging and labels was validated using the Kappa index. RESULTS: Of all drugs evaluated (n = 150), about 43% of "possibly similar drugs" were in the central pharmacy (n = 65) and were related to small-volume parenteral solutions. The strength of interobserver agreement in the category "very similar to each other" was considered "satisfactory" (Kappa = 0584) in 90.66% of the drugs evaluated (n = 136). The overall Kappa analysis of the study was 0.488. Variables with statistical significance were: "same color label or packaging", with the respective percentages for both primary and secondary packaging (52%-44%), p = 0.028; the variable "same color of drug presentation" obtained similar values and statistical significance to the previous variable; for the variable "same arrangement of words", the values found for both packages were close to 50%, p = 0.001; and for the variable "same color of the words", the percentages were: (50.7% - 44%) (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate similarities related to the labeling of drugs with potential for errors, especially in dispensing, storage, and administration if preventive measures are not adopted.

Análise da rotulagem de medicamentos semelhantes: potenciais erros de medicação / Analysis of similar drug labeling: potential medication errors

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho objetivou analisar as embalagens e rótulos de medicamentos, identificando semelhanças entre os mesmos que possam conduzir a erros de medicação passíveis de ocorrer por troca, em diferentes setores da farmácia de um hospital universitário do nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e transversal, que abrangeu 300 apresentações farmacêuticas, sendo (150 duplas) fotografadas no período de maio a dezembro de 2010. A análise de concordância dos dados referente às fotos de embalagens e rótulos possivelmente semelhantes foi validada utilizando o índice Kappa. RESULTADOS: Do total de medicamentos avaliados (n = 150), cerca de 43 por cento dos "possivelmente semelhantes" estavam na farmácia central (n = 65) e se relacionaram a soluções parenterais de pequeno volume. A força de concordância interobservadores na categoria "muito semelhante entre si" foi considerada "satisfatória" (índice Kappa = 0,584) em 90,66 por cento dos medicamentos avaliados (n = 136). A análise do Kappa geral do estudo foi de 0,488. As variáveis com significância estatística foram: "mesma cor do rótulo ou embalagem", com os respectivos percentuais, tanto para embalagens primárias como secundárias (52 por cento-44 por cento), com p = 0,028. A variável "mesma cor das apresentações farmacêuticas" obteve valores e significância estatística semelhantes à variável anterior. Quanto à variável "mesma disposição dos dizeres", os valores encontrados para ambas as embalagens foram próximas a 50 por cento, com p = 0,001 e, para a variável "mesma cor dos dizeres", os percentuais encontrados foram: (50,7 por cento-44 por cento) (p = 0,008). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados identificaram semelhanças relativas à rotulagem de medicamentos com potencial, principalmente, para erros de dispensação, armazenamento e administração se medidas preventivas não forem adotadas.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine drug packaging and labeling, identifying similarities among them that may lead to medication errors, which may occur by unintentional substitution, in different sectors of the pharmacy of a university hospital in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study, which included 300 pharmaceutical presentations (150 pairs) that were photographed from May to December 2010. Concordance analysis of data related to the pictures of possibly similar packaging and labels was validated using the Kappa index. RESULTS: Of all drugs evaluated (n = 150), about 43 percent of "possibly similar drugs" were in the central pharmacy (n = 65) and were related to small-volume parenteral solutions. The strength of interobserver agreement in the category "very similar to each other" was considered "satisfactory" (Kappa = 0584) in 90.66 percent of the drugs evaluated (n = 136). The overall Kappa analysis of the study was 0.488. Variables with statistical significance were: "same color label or packaging", with the respective percentages for both primary and secondary packaging (52 percent-44 percent), p = 0.028; the variable "same color of drug presentation" obtained similar values and statistical significance to the previous variable; for the variable "same arrangement of words", the values found for both packages were close to 50 percent, p = 0.001; and for the variable "same color of the words", the percentages were: (50.7 percent - 44 percent) (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate similarities related to the labeling of drugs with potential for errors, especially in dispensing, storage, and administration if preventive measures are not adopted.

Drug prescription errors in a Brazilian hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of clinically significant prescription errors in a Brazilian university hospital compared with their occurrence in 2003 and 2007. METHODS: Variables and group of variables, such as readability, compliance with legal and institutional procedures of prescription, and prescription errors analysis were analyzed. RESULTS: When the prevalence rates of clinically significant prescription errors were calculated, a statistically significant decrease was shown [year of 2003 (29.25%), year of 2007 (24.20%); (z = 2.99; p = 0.03)], reflecting on the safety rate [year of 2003 (70.75%), year of 2007 (75.80%); (z = 3.30; p =0.0001)]. CONCLUSION: Despite significant, the increased safety rate reflected the quantitative reduction of errors, with no observed difference in severity between the studied periods. Our results suggest the institutional steps taken could reduce the number of errors, but they were ineffective in reducing the severity of the errors.

Erros de prescrição de medicamentos em um hospital brasileiro / Drug prescription errors in a Brazilian hospital

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de erros clinicamente significativos em prescrição de hospital universitário brasileiro, comparando sua ocorrência em 2003 e 2007. MÉTODOS: Análise das prescrições quanto às variáveis/grupo de variáveis como legibilidade, cumprimento de procedimentos legais e institucionais e análise de erros de prescrição. RESULTADOS: Quando calculadas as taxas de prevalência dos erros de prescrição clinicamente significativos, evidenciou-se uma redução estatisticamente significante [ano 2003 (29,25 por cento), ano 2007 (24,20 por cento); (z = 2,99; p = 0,03)], sendo refletido sobre a taxa de segurança [ano 2003 (70,75 por cento), ano 2007 (75,80 por cento); (z = 3,30; p = 0,0001]. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de significativo, o aumento na taxa de segurança foi reflexo da redução quantitativa dos erros, não sendo observada diferença na gravidade dos mesmos entre os períodos. Nossos resultados sugerem que as medidas institucionais adotadas foram capazes de reduzir o número de erros, mas foram inefetivas na redução da gravidade dos mesmos.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of clinically significant prescription errors in a Brazilian university hospital compared with their occurrence in 2003 and 2007. METHODS: Variables and group of variables, such as readability, compliance with legal and institutional procedures of prescription, and prescription errors analysis were analyzed. RESULTS: When the prevalence rates of clinically significant prescription errors were calculated, a statistically significant decrease was shown [year of 2003 (29.25 percent), year of 2007 (24.20 percent); (z = 2.99; p = 0.03)], reflecting on the safety rate [year of 2003 (70.75 percent), year of 2007 (75.80 percent); (z = 3.30; p =0.0001)]. CONCLUSION: Despite significant, the increased safety rate reflected the quantitative reduction of errors, with no observed difference in severity between the studied periods. Our results suggest the institutional steps taken could reduce the number of errors, but they were ineffective in reducing the severity of the errors.

[The cost of liver transplantation at a university hospital of Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if liver transplants were cost effective at a University Hospital of Ceará. METHODS: We evaluated data from the medical records of 62 liver transplant patients performed in 2007, from the day of admission for the transplant to the date of discharge or death. Indicators such as length of hospital stay and location ,quantity of medical material and medication used, as well as the investigations and procedures performed were determined. RESULTS: The population was mostly male from the Northeast of Brazil with an mean age of 45 years. The mean total cost of a liver transplant was US$20,605.01. The largest part was payment for the professional team involved in the liver removal and transplant, followed by hospital stay , medication used during surgery and hospitalization, and products (medication and materials) used in the liver removal. According to the current schedule, the SUS made the following payments to HUWC; US$1,322.97 for liver removal, US$3,223.56 for medical fees and US$32,235.68 for the package including the complete surgical procedure, hospital expenses and care up to the seventh day of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Results were similar to those found by other Brazilian transplant centers. Liver transplantation in Ceará is an economically viable procedure based upon the financial transfer from SUS.

O custo do transplante hepático em um hospital universitário do Brasil / Cost of liver transplantation at a university hospital of Brazil

OBJETIVO: Investigar se os transplantes de fígado realizados em um hospital universitário do Ceará eram custos-efetivos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados os prontuários dos 62 pacientes transplantados hepáticos em 2007, do dia da internação para o transplante até a data da alta hospitalar ou óbito. Foram determinados indicadores como o número de dias e local de internação, a quantidade de material e medicamentos utilizados, os exames complementares e os procedimentos realizados. RESULTADOS: A maioria da população era do sexo masculino, procedente do Nordeste e com idade média de 45 anos. O custo médio do transplante hepático foi de US$ 20.605,01. O item que onerou predominantemente o custo foi o repasse para equipe profissional envolvida na captação e transplante; seguido pelas diárias, medicamentos da cirurgia e internamento; e produtos (materiais e medicamentos) utilizados na captação. Quanto ao repasse do SUS, o HUWC recebeu US$1.322,97 para a captação, US$ 3.223,56 para os honorários médicos e US$ 32.235,68 pelo pacote do transplante hepático que inclui do procedimento cirúrgico até o sétimo dia de internamento. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores encontrados foram semelhantes aos determinados por outros centros transplantadores brasileiros. O transplante hepático no Ceará é um procedimento economicamente viável tomando como base o repasse financeiro do SUS.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if liver transplants were cost effective at a University Hospital of Ceará. METHODS: We evaluated data from the medical records of 62 liver transplant patients performed in 2007, from the day of admission for the transplant to the date of discharge or death. Indicators such as length of hospital stay and location ,quantity of medical material and medication used, as well as the investigations and procedures performed were determined. RESULTS: The population was mostly male from the Northeast of Brazil with an mean age of 45 years. The mean total cost of a liver transplant was US$20,605.01. The largest part was payment for the professional team involved in the liver removal and transplant, followed by hospital stay , medication used during surgery and hospitalization, and products (medication and materials) used in the liver removal. According to the current schedule, the SUS made the following payments to HUWC; US$1,322.97 for liver removal, US$3,223.56 for medical fees and US$32,235.68 for the package including the complete surgical procedure, hospital expenses and care up to the seventh day of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Results were similar to those found by other Brazilian transplant centers. Liver transplantation in Ceará is an economically viable procedure based upon the financial transfer from SUS.

Implementation of a penicillin allergy skin test / Implementação de um teste cutâneo de alergia à penicilina

The penicillin allergy skin testing is the only accurate and reliable test for penicillin hypersensitivity mediated by IgE. It is useful for identifying patients with doubtful history of allergy. Positive test for major and minor determinants presents a positive predictive value of 50 percent and negative predictive value of 99 percent. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health suggests a protocol for in house made reagents, since they are not commercially available. As the referred protocol does not mention some important details about the test procedures, we propose in the present work to implement them, critically evaluating each step in order to allow the protocol establishment at any health service, with quality and safety.

O teste cutâneo para alergia imediata a penicilina é o único teste validado internacionalmente, sendo que sua grande utilidade reside na avaliação de pacientes com história positiva de alergia a penicilina. O teste positivo para determinantes principais e secundários da penicilina apresenta um valor preditivo positivo de 50 por cento e valor preditivo negativo de 99 por cento. Em nosso meio, o Ministério de Saúde disponibiliza um protocolo para o preparo dos reagentes, uma vez que os mesmos não estão disponíveis comercialmente. Como o referido protocolo não apresenta maiores detalhes sobre o cuidado relativo às etapas de preparo das soluções, bem como faltam algumas considerações no que tange a realização do teste, propusemo-nos no presente trabalho operacionalizar o teste, avaliando de forma crítica e minuciosa cada etapa, de forma que outros profissionais possam reproduzi-lo de maneira mais segura e eficaz.